Behnisch Architekten
Città, Architettura e Società
1 Settembre 2006
Alvar Aalto
1 Settembre 2006Tra funzionalismo e contestualismo
Terrence Donnelly Center, Toronto
Dopo il Genzyme Building di Cambridge, nel Massachussetts, terminato nel 2002, il Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research (CCBR) della University of Toronto
è il secondo progetto dello studio Behnisch Architekten ad essere realizzato al di fuori dell'Europa. Il successo ottenuto da questi due interventi sembra aver definitivamente aperto le porte del territorio americano allo studio di Stoccarda diretto da Stefan Behnisch, da qualche anno con sede anche a Venice, in California. L'incarico più recente e prestigioso riguarda la progettazione del nuovo complesso scientifico della Harvard University nel campus di Allston, mentre sta procedendo il progetto dei Mill Street Lofts a Los Angeles e quello di un nuovo complesso alberghiero a Las Vegas.
A questi vanno aggiunti progetti in corso, oltre che nel territorio oramai consolidato della Germania, anche in Italia, in Cina e in Russia. Il CCBR, nuovo centro propulsore e d'incontro tra ricerca avanzata e applicazione medica, è collocato strategicamente sul confine
meridionale di uno storico campus, uno dei più grandi comprensori ospedalieri nel Nord America, tra Kings College Circle e Queens Park, in una posizione centrale della città di Toronto. Situato tra due edifici storici sullo snodo cittadino di College Street, il nuovo edificio va a risolvere e a conferire una nuova identità a quello che era un cul-de-sac dimenticato che serviva come parcheggio ed area di servizio.
L'apporto dello studio Behnisch va ad inserirsi, oltretutto, in una più vasta politica di rilancio promossa dalla città di Toronto che ha già visto coinvolti altri studi internazionali quali i Morphosis con il Graduate Student Housing del Campus St. George (completato nel 2001) e William Alsop, artefice della sorprendente scatola sospesa dell'Ontario College of Art and Design (OCAD, 2004), mentre si attende il completamento del Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building di Foster Associates, l'ampliamento
del Royal Ontario Museum di Daniel Libeskind e la tanto attesa New Art Gallery of Ontario di Frank O. Gehry.
Innovativo sia per concezione che per soluzioni adottate, il nuovo CCBR è stato immaginato fin dal principio dai suoi fondatori, Cecil Yip e Jim Friesen, come una struttura di ricerca
interdisciplinare dedicata al progetto di studio del genoma umano, che punta sulla cooperazione e l'interazione di ricercatori ed esperti di differenti discipline - tra cui informatici, biologi, ingegneri e fisici -, per creare una struttura universitaria innovativa nella ricerca biomolecolare. Ad una struttura organizzativa articolata che si voleva ospitasse qualcosa come 400 diversi specialisti provenienti da tutto il mondo, distribuiti in una serie di laboratori di ricerca flessibili e tecnicamente avanzati, i progettisti hanno risposto con un volume vetrato alto 12 piani sospeso al di sopra di un nuovo spazio pubblico aperto al campus.
La volontà di incentivare la cooperazione e l'incontro tra ricercatori di diversa estrazione e provenienza trova coerenza anche nella scelta di aprire il nuovo edificio verso lo stesso campus, nei confronti del quale si offre non solo come nuovo landmark ma anche come attraversamento pedonale. Il nuovo atrio giardino si configura così come il cuore dell'intero edificio; qui, spazi a doppia e tripla altezza utilizzati come lounges, giardini pensili, aree di relax e ambienti di lavoro informali, si affacciano su una lobby inondata di luce naturale dove sedute, aree di attesa e spazi pubblici sono immersi in una vegetazione fatta di essenze diverse che segnano le stagioni e collaborano alla creazione di un microclima controllato che favorisce il confort. Si tratta di una soluzione che ricorda quella adottata già nel Genzyme Building di Cambridge, anche se qui a Toronto l'apporto dato dalla vegetazione connota differentemente l'ambiente interno della lobby. L'attenzione verso l'ecosostenibilità è diventata un marchio di fabbrica delle architetture dello studio Behnisch e trova sempre un'interpretazione estetica coerente, un linguaggio architettonico che prende spunto dalle soluzioni tecnologiche che si rendono necessarie, senza tuttavia ricadere nella ridondanza high-tech. Nel CCBR, per l'alzato meridionale su College Street si è impiegata una facciata con doppi vetri che fornisce controllo solare e acustico, oltre a creare una ricca trasparenza fatta di strati su quella che è la facciata principale dell'edificio. Le vetrate dei prospetti est, ovest e nord sono trattate con patterns di vetro ceramico o vetro colorato laminato per fornire ombra, privacy o un'atmosfera piacevole, come richiesto dal programma e dalle circostanze. Di diversa natura e ispirazione è invece l'Ozeaneum, il museo oceanografico tedesco progettato per Stralsund, la più grande città tedesca della Pomerania occidentale, sul Mar Baltico. Le geometrie del museo sono inusuali per la tradizione figurativa dello studio Behnisch. Alle figure spezzate e agli orientamenti rettilinei si sostituiscono forme morbide di matrice organica, ai consueti involucri trasparenti subentrano superfici continue chiuse. Il complesso si presenta come una struttura articolata costituita da elementi individuali, ciascuno contenente specifiche funzioni, separati da interstizi che accolgono da tutte le parti la gente e la luce così "come gli scogli del mare sono inondati dall'acqua" - adottando un'analogia utilizzata dagli stessi progettisti. Tale presenza è destinata ad avere un ruolo catalizzatore nell'immagine urbana di Stralsund, città poco nota ai più - nonostante l'amena posizione e un centro storico protetto dall'UNESCO -, che con tale operazione tenta di dotarsi di un'icona di matrice contemporanea capace di rilanciarla nel circuito del turismo internazionale.
Ozeaneum Stralsund
Il nuovo edificio non ha parti che, a prima vista, si possano definire principali o secondarie, ma i suoi volumi appaiono soprattutto aperti
e orientati verso la direzione del mare. AI piano terra, il foyer con le scale, gli ascensori e i camminamenti, si espande liberamente tra i diversi elementi che vanno a costituire il museo. Il foyer è il punto di partenza per differenti itinerari attraverso l'esposizione ed è stato studiato per fornire continui affacci, viste e scorci verso il mare utilizzando la copertura e porzioni di facciata vetrate. Tutte le aree espositive sono collocate nei piani superiori,
in modo da consentire ai visitatori di procedere indisturbati attraverso il museo, lontani dalla folla che frequenta il foyer al piano terra. Passerelle poste a diverse altezze forniscono connessioni tra le diverse sezioni della mostra, mentre riposandosi nella caffetteria al piano terra i visitatori potranno godere della vista dell'isola di Rógen.
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